Adverbial clauses
It is a clause which is used as the adverb.
Example: I will come here when you study.
I will call you When Ali comes here (Adverbial clauses of time)
I will call you if Ali comes here. (Adverbial clauses of condition)
I will call you because Ali comes here. (Adverbial clauses of cause)
ﮐﻠﯿﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت در ﻣﻮرد ﻋﺒﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﻗﯿﺪي (dependent clauses) دوازده ﻧﻮع ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از:
i. Place قید مکان
ii. Time قید زمان
iii. Manner قید حالت
iv. Reason/cause قید علت
v. Consequence/effect قید نتیجه و معلوم
vi. Purpose قید نیت
vi. Method قید روش
vii. Contrast قید تضاد
viii. Similarity قید تشابه
ix. Contradiction/paradox قید تناقض
x. Condition قید شرط
xi. Frequency قید تکرار
ﯾﮏ ﻓﻌﻞ 12 ﺑﻌﺪ و ﺟﻨﺒﻪ و وﯾﮋﮔﯽ دارد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺎدﯾﻖ دﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺳﺖ.
1. Adverbial clauses of condition:
General format:
— Main clause——+ conjecture+ ——-dependent clauses—-
Conjectures for this format:
IF, unless, providing, provided, that, in case, under the condition that
ﺟﻤﻼت ﻗﯿﺪي ﺷﺮﻃﯽ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ 5 دﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ:
a. Future possible: در مورد اینده است و احتمال وقوع دارد
Future tense | if | any type of present tense |
I will call you | if | she comes. |
You will pass the test | if | you study. You are studying. You have studied. |
از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﯿﺖ will=80% ، can=60% ، may=50% و 40% =might اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﮐﻠﻤﺎت در اﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﻫﯿﭻ
ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺟﺰ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ. Canﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ!!! و..
اﮔﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﺣﺎل ﺳﺎده ﺑﯿﺎﯾﺪ ﻗﻄﻌﯿﺖ را ﻣﯿﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﺜﺎل: I call you if she comes.
اﮔﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ must, need to, has to, have to ﺑﺎﺷﺪ اﺟﺒﺎر را ﻣﯿﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ:
You must study if you have an exam.
You have to study more if you want to pass with a good mark.
اگر قسمت اول همراه با should, had better, ought to باشد، توصیه را میرساند و به معنای <<بهتر است>> و <<به نفع توست>> می باشد.
You should see a doctor if you have a headache.
You had better/should go to bed early if you have a test tomorrow.
اﮔﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ي ﺷﺮط در اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﯿﺎﯾﺪ، ﺑﻌﺪ از ﭘﺎﯾﺎن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮐﺎﻣﺎ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ وﺳﭙﺲ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ي اﺻﻠﯽ ﻣﯽ آﯾﺪ:
If you have called him before, don’t be warred.
If we arrive in (at) Mashhad before 8, we can go to a restaurant.
اﮔﺮ should در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ if ﯾﻌﻨﯽ در dependent clause ﺑﯿﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي <<ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ و اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯽ>>ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
I will call you if she should come here.
I buy this book for you if I should go to Tehran.
We play football if it is sunny tomorrow.
If you have a headache, you shod take an acetaminophen.
If you have a backache, you should apply/rob/use gel
If you have sore eyes, you must not/should not watch TV.
If I can, I will call you
Sore وﻗﺘﯽ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﮐﺎر ﻋﻀﻮي درد ﺑﮕﯿﺮد، ﻣﺜﻼ وﻗﺘﯽ ﮐﺘﺎب ﻣﯿﺨﻮاﻧﯿﻢ ﭼﺸﻢ درد ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮد، از اﯾﻦ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده
ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. اﻣﺎ ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪ -ache ﺑﻪ درد ﻫﺎي ﻣﻤﺘﺪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد.
b. real present
ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ آﯾﻨﺪه، ﺣﺎل ﯾﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻮدن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ از روي ﻗﯿﺪ زﻣﺎن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ: Time
آﯾﻨﺪه ، ﺣﺎل ﯾﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻮدن ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ Tense:
He will come here tomorrow
Tense و time ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
I wish I had more time now
Tense زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ و time زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل اﺳﺖ.
ﻧﮑﺘﻪ: اﮔﺮ tense و time ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ real اﺳﺖ. و اﮔﺮ tense و time از ﻧﻈﺮ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ
ﻫﻤﺨﻮاﻧﯽ ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ان ﺟﻤﻠﻪ unreal اﺳﺖ.
:Real present ﻧﻮع اول زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ tense و time ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﯾﻌﻨﯽ
ﻫﺮ دو زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
—–Effect—present simple— if ——cause present simple
اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺷﺮﻃﯽ دو اﺳﺘﻔﺎده دارد: (1 ﺑﺮاي ﺑﯿﺎن ﻋﻠﯿﺖ (2اﺷﺎره ﺑﻪ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﯽ اﻓﺘﺪ.
Example: If you drop a cup, it breaks.
We go to park if ever he comes.
اﯾﻦ ﻣﺜﺎل درﺑﺎرهي اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ رخ ﻣﯿﺪﻫﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ if ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي when(ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ) اﺳﺖ.
ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ: ﺑﻪ اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ:
اﮔﺮ ﻓﺮدا اﻣﺘﺤﺎن دارد زود ﻣﯿﺨﻮاﺑﺪ.
اﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎل ﺑﺮوﯾﻢ ﯾﮏ وﯾﻼ اﺟﺎره ﻣﯿﮑﻨﯿﻢ.
اﮔﺮ ﻣﺮﯾﺾ ﺷﺪه ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺮود ﺑﻪ ﮐﻠﯿﻨﯿﮏ.
اﮔﺮ او اﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺶ را اﻓﺘﺎده ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺶ را ﻣﻘﺼﺮ ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﺪ.
اﮔﺮ زﯾﺎد زور ﺑﺰﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﮑﻨﺪ.
اﮔﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺮخ دﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﻮد، ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺧﻮاﺑﯿﺪه ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ.
اﮔﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﺖ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از 120 ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺟﺮﯾﻤﻪ ﻣﯿﺸﻮي.
اﮔﻪ ﭘﻮل داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﺮان ﻣﯿﺮود.
اﮔﺮ ﭘﻮل داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﺮان ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ رﻓﺖ.
c. unreal present
ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎه time ≠ tense ﺟﻤﻠﻪ unreal ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد
—–would, should, could, might— if ——-any past tenses—-
Example:
I would pass the test if I studied today. (Past simple)
I would pass the test if I were studying now. (Past continuous)
I would pass the test if I had studied now. (Past complete)
Tense ≠ Time
If Ali were here today, he could/might help a lot
در ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﺟﻤﻼت unreal ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي was از were اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد.
ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ: ﺑﻪ اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ:
اﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ رﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮدم ﻣﯿﺘﻮاﻧﺴﺘﻢ دﻧﺪاﻧﭙﺰﺷﮑﻢ رو ﺑﺒﯿﻨﻢ.
اﮔﻪ ﻫﻮا ﺑﺮﻓﯽ ﺑﻮد ﻣﯿﺘﻮاﻧﺴﺘﯿﻢ ﺑﺮﯾﻢ اﺳﮑﯽ
اﮔﻪ اﻣﺮوز ﭘﻮل ﺗﻮ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻢ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻮدم ﭼﮑﻢ ﭘﺎس ﻣﯿﺸﺪ.
d. real past
Tense = Time real
Past simple + if + past simple
ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ: ﺑﻪ اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ:
اﮔﺮ ﻋﻠﯽ اﻣﺘﺤﺎن داﺷﺖ دﯾﺮ ﺧﻮاﺑﯿﺪ
اﮔﺮ ﺑﺮف ﻣﯿﺒﺎرﯾﺪ ﻣﯿﺮﻓﺘﯿﻢ اﺳﮑﯽ
اﮔﺮ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﻪ ﻣﺎن دﻋﻮا ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺎل ﮔﻮش ﻣﯽاﯾﺴﺘﻢ.
Ali taken up late, if he had an exam
If it snowed, we went skiing
I eavesdropped if our neighbor had fight
e. unreal past
Tense ≠ Time (unreal)
would/could/should/May/might + complete if perfect/ perfect continuous
:Examples
We could have gone to Mashhad together If Ali had come here yesterday
I could have bought this house if l had had enough money last year.
If you had had a headache last night, you should have taken a shower
ﻧﮑﺘﻪ: ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ در ﺗﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ if را ﺑﺎ ﮐﻠﻤﺎت زﯾﺮ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ کﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ:
Providing, provided that, in case, under the condition that
ﻧﮑﺘﻪ: ﮔﺎﻫﯽ if ﺣﺬف ﻣﯿﺸﻮد. اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺮاي unreal ﻫﺎ و future possibleاﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﯽ اﻓﺘﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﺻﻮرت
ﺟﺎي ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻮض ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. اﻟﺒﺘﻪ در اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ﻣﺤﺎوره اي اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻻت رخ ﻧﻤﯿﺪﻫﺪ و ﻓﻘﻂ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﮑﺘﻮب اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﯽ اﻓﺘﺪ. ﺿﻤﻨﺎ اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﺮاي had, were, should اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﯽاﻓﺘﺪ:
Should I see Ali, I will tell him the story.
Were you a teacher, you could help me a lot.
Had I been at the party, I would have prevented him to fight.
2. Adverbial clauses of result (cause& effect)
—-main clause—- cause—- conjuncture —-dependent Clause—-effect—-
a. So ….that
“So” is an adverb and after it came both adverb and adjective.
I am so tired that I can’t teach anymore.
ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ: ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ:
او اﻧﻘﺪر ﺟﻮان اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻤﯿﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ازدواج ﮐﻨﺪ.
او اﻧﻘﺪر ﺗﻨﺪ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﯿﺘﻮاﻧﻢ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﻢ.
• He is so young that he can’t get married
• He talks so rapidly that I can’t understand him.
So many/few اسم قابل شمارش that
So much/little اسم قابل شمارش that
I have so few friends in Sabzevar that I feel lonely.
ﻧﮑﺘﻪ: روﺣﯽ اﺣﺴﺎس ﺗﻨﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﺮدن lonely : ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺴﯽ ﻧﺒﻮدن alone :
There are so many pollutants in the air in Tehran that it is hard to breathe.
The air was so polluted yesterday that the school may be closed tomorrow.
There is no relation between sentence’s parts. Just cause comes before effect.
b. Such
Such is an adjective and after it came a noun (noun with adjective or without it).
He is such a boy that everybody likes him.
He is such a kind boy that everybody likes him.
Sabzevar is such a boring place that I don’t like to spend my life here.
He/she is such reliable/trustable/dependable person that I tell him my entire secret.
It is such a bulky book that I can’t finish/cover it in a week.
3. Adverbial clauses of time
—-mane clause—- conjecture —-dependent Clause—-
ﻫﻤﻪ ي ﺟﻤﻼﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯿﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت real ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
Time = Tense
—-M.CL. ——past—- conjecture ——D.CL. —-past——
— M.CL.—present — conjecture —– D.CL present—
—– M.CL.—future—- conjecture —– D.CL present–
ﻧﮑﺘﻪ: ﻫﯿﭻ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ي ﻗﯿﺪ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ آﯾﻨﺪه ﻧﯿﺴﺖ! ﯾﺎ ﺣﺎل اﺳﺖ و ﯾﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ.
ﺗﻮاﻟﯽ و ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ Time relationship
دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻮاﻟﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﯾﺎ ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ.
When
ﭼﻮن when ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ اي از زﻣﺎن اﺷﺎره ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ( ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺑﺎزه ي زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻤﯿﺘﻮاﻧﺪ دﻻﻟﺖ ﮐﻨﺪ) ﺑﻌﺪ از آن ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺳﺎده ﻣﯽ آﯾﺪ.(ﺣﺎل ﺳﺎده ﯾﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ي ﺳﺎده)
توالی
Simple —- M.CL.—simple —- when —— D.CL
Example:
I studied when Ali went out.
I study when Ali goes out.
I will study when Ali goes out.
—- M.CL.—complete—- when —— D.CL….simple– توالی
I had studied when Ali went out.
I have studied when Ali goes out.
I will have studied when Ali goes out.
—- M.CL.—continuous—- when —– D.CL simple–
هم زمانی
I was studying when Ali went out.
I am studying when Ali goes out.
I will be studying when Ali goes out.
When American soldiers left Iraq, the number of bombing increased.
When Ali was asleep, I was studying.
When you arrive, I will be sleeping. When I left class, Ali was being punished.
Whenever
Ever، ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ را ﺑﻪ when اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ. (ﺗﮑﺮار را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯿﺪﻫﺪ) ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ آن دﻗﯿﻘﺎ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ when اﺳﺖ.
ﻧﮑﺘﻪ: در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ي D.CL. زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ when ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯿﺸﻮد ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ از ﻗﯿﺪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﺮد. در اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎ ever ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ را ﻣﯽاﻓﺰاﯾﻨﺪ.
ﻗﯿﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ از ﻗﺒﯿﻞ:
Always, once a year, once a month…
I saw Ali when he always came here. (F)
I saw Ali whenever he came here. (T)
Whenever Ali came I went out.
I was studying whenever Ali slept.
As/while
ﻫﯿﭻ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ as و while وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد.
ﻫﺮ دو ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزه ي زﻣﺎﻧﯽ اﺷﺎره ﻣﯿﮑﻨﻨﺪ و ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ي زﻣﺎﻧﯽ
ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ را ﺑﯿﻦ دو clause ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﻨﺪ.
در ﻃﯽ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺧﻮاب ﺑﻮد ﻣﻦ ﮐﺎر ﻣﯽﮐﺮدم.(داﺷﺘﻢ ﮐﺎر ﻣﯽﮐﺮدم.)
I worked while Ali slept
I worked as Ali was slept.
I study as you cook
ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻃﻮر ﮐﻪ داري آﺷﭙﺰي ﻣﯽﮐﻨﯽ ﻣﻦ درس ﻣﯽﺧﻮﻧﻢ
I study as you are cooking.
ﻧﮑﺘﻪ: اﮔﺮ ﻗﺮار ﺑﺎﺷﺪ در ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﻓﻮق ﯾﮑﯽ از اﻓﻌﺎل اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻓﻌﻞ dependent clause استمراری ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد.
We moved away from here while the Joan’s were traveling.
ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﮑﺎن ﮐﺮدن ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﯾﯽto/into: Move ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﮑﺎن ﮐﺮدن از ﺟﺎﯾﯽMove away :
ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ي اﺳﺘﯿﺮي The Stiri’s ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ي ﺟﻮﻧﺰThe Jones’se
I will get in/arrive while you studying. Get in
رسیدن، وارد شدن به جایی
5. As soon as:
ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي <<ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ>> و ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اي در زﻣﺎن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮاﻟﯽ را ﻓﻘﻂ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ.
—- M.CL.—reporting— as soon as — D.CL.—reporting/complete
I left home as soon as the film finished
اتفاق مقدم
وﻗﺘﯽ ﺑﺨﻮاﻫﯿﻢ در ﺑﯿﻦ دو اﺗﻔﺎق ﺑﻪ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻘﺪم اﺷﺎره ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﯾﺎ از reporting ﯾﺎ از complete اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﮐﻨﯿﻢ. complete ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ ﺗﻘﺪم را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ.
I left home as soon as the film had finished.
ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺑﺮود I study as soon as Ali leaves
ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻠﯽ رﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ I study as soon as Ali has left
I was sleeping as soon as the quests went. (Continuous)
The prices went up as soon as Iran accepted the UN resolution.
I go home as soon as the class finishes.
I will get back to my hometown as soon as I graduate from this university.
As soon as I wake up, I go to university.
Summer travels will start as soon as schools will be closed. Trip: ﮐﻮﺗﺎه ﺳﻔﺮ travel: ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮت
I delivered/handed in my paper as soon as I answered the last question.
Delivered = handed = دادن ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ
On of the spectators had a heart attach/passed away as soon as Damash scored the first goal.
6. After
ﻧﻘﻄﻪاي در زﻣﺎن اﺳﺖ و ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻮاﻟﯽ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ. قبل از ان reporting یا استمراری و بعد از ان reporting یا کامل
توالی—-reporting/continuous—– After —-reporting/complete—
I visited him after you went/had gone
ﻣﻘﺪم
I study when you went.
I was studying after you went.
Iran air craft bombarded Baghdad after Iraqi army invaded Iran.
ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ (ﻣﺜﻼ ﺧﺎك ﮐﺸﻮري وارد شدن) invade: ﺣﻤﻠﻪ (ﺑﺪون وارد شدن): attack
You must answer chapter 2 questions after you study the first chapter.
7. Before
ﯾﮏ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ در زﻣﺎن و ﺗﻮاﻟﯽ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯿﺪﻫﺪ.
I study before you come
I have studied before you come I am studying before you come
ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ از before ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺳﺎده(reporting) ﻣﯽآﯾﺪ.
——reporting-reporting/continuous/complete —– before
You should have bought another house before you sell your house.
The students have agreed/decided/made agreement on the time of the class before Mr. Stiri came/got to the class.
8. Till/until
در آن واﺣﺪ دو ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ي اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ را ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﯽ اﻓﺰاﯾﻨﺪ:
زﻣﺎن رخ دادن ﻓﻌﻞ (Time)
اﺳﺘﻤﺮار اﯾﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺗﺎ اﻧﺘﻬﺎ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ.(ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻋﻤﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در m.cl. داراي اﺳﺘﻤﺮار اﺳﺖ و آن را
ﯾﺎ till یا untill ﻣﯽﺑﻨﺪﯾﻢ.)
——–reporting/continuous ——– till/until ——–reporting —–
ﻣﻌﻨﺎي اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ. ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﻪي زﯾﺮﯾﻦ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﻢ ﺳﺎن اﺳﺖ.
I studied until Ali came
ﺗﺎ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻠﯽ آﻣﺪ در ﺣﺎل درس ﺧﻮاﻧﺪن ﺑﻮدم.
I was studying until Ali came.
I will explain/will continue explaining until the students understand everything.
I lived in Tehran until the war started.
He considered him as the best until he realized/noticed.
I will take a short rest until the guests get/arrive in.
9. Since
در آن واﺣﺪ دو ﻗﻄﻌﻪي اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ را ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﯽ اﻓﺰاﯾﻨﺪ:
زﻣﺎن رخ دادن ﻓﻌﻞ (Time)
اﺳﺘﻤﺮار اﯾﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ از آﻏﺎز را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ(ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻋﻤﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در m.cl. داراي اﺳﺘﻤﺮار اﺳﺖ و آﻏﺎز
آن را ﺑﺎ since ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﯿﻢ.)
——–Complete present ——– since ——–past reporting —–
He has lived in Tehran since he got married
He has had serious financial problems since he moved away from here into Tehran
Adverbial clauses of contrast
Conjunctures: where/ where as/ while قید تضاد و اختلاف
M.CL. و D.CL. ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻫﯿﭻ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻧﺤﻮي ﺑﯿﻦ زﻣﺎنﻫﺎي آنﻫﺎ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد. و ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﯿﺎن اﺧﺘﻼف در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ي دو ﭼﯿﺰ ﯾﮑﺴﺎن ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﺑﺮده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد.
I studied English while my brother wants to study French in the future. Sabzevar is a small city while/where/whereas Tehran is a large city.
This class is white while the next class is yellow.
Adverbial clauses of contradiction
Conjectures: although, though, even though. قید تناقض
در ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﻗﯿﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺑﺎ ﻗﯿﺪ ﺗﻀﺎد اﺷﺘﺒﺎه ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﻗﯿﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪي دو ﭼﯿﺰ ﻫﻤﺴﺎن ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ درﺑﺎرهي ﭼﯿﺰي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻣﺎ ﻧﻤﯽﺧﻮاﻧﺪ. ﻣﺜﻼ ﮐﺴﯽ ﮐﻪ درس ﻣﯽﺧﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ درس را ﭘﺎس ﮐﻨﺪ اﻣﺎ ﭼﻮن ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼف اﻧﺘﻈﺎر او درس را ﭘﺎس ﻧﮑﺮده ﺑﺎ ﻗﯿﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻣﯿﻨﻮﯾﺴﯿﻢ:
He failed the test although he studied.
He can’t come to the party although he likes parties.
ﻧﮑﺘﻪ: ﺑﻪ ﻫﯿﭻ ﻋﻨﻮان از but اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﯿﻢ.
A few students attended/were present although everybody was informed of the time of class.
It is not paid enough attention in Iran, although English is an international language.
• Adverbial clauses of similarity:
Conjectures: as, as…..as, the same….as, قید شباهت
As
ﻫﯿﭻ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻨﻄﻘﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ زﻣﺎن ﻫﺎ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد.
I am a teacher as Ali is. Or I am a teacher as is Ali. .شکل دوم صحیح تر است
ﻧﮑﺘﻪ: ﺑﻌﺪ از as ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ(ﻓﻌﻞ) دارﯾﻢ.
• As…..as
As…..adjective-adverb-many+ﺟﻤﻊ اﺳﻢ- much+ﻣﻔﺮد اﺳﻢ…… as
I am as tall as Ali is. Or I am as tall as is Ali.
Mashhad is as polluted as is Esfahan.
I speak as well as you.
I speak as rapidly as you.
This class has as many chairs as that class does.
اﯾﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. زﯾﺮا have و has ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات زده ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﺑﺮده ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ان اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ:
There are as many chairs in this class as in that class.
There is as much voice in this class as there is in the next class.
• The same ……. As
Same ﺧﻮدش ﺻﻔﺖ اﺳﻢ اﺳﺖ.و ﺑﻌﺪ از آن ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺘﯽ اﺳﻢ ﺑﯿﺎﯾﺪ.(اﺳﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺖ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺪون آن)
I have the same car as you do.
I lived in the same apartment as Ali did.
I have faced the same problems as you did/had/will have.
• Adverbial clauses of method-purpose
Method + conjecture + purpose
Conjectures: so, so that, in order that, in such away that. قید های روش- نیت
I study English so I may find a job in Tehran.
ﻧﮑﺘﻪ: ﮔﺰاره ي purpose ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺑﺎ could might, may, و … ﻫﻤﺮاه اﺳﺖ.
ﺑﺎ راﺑﻄﻪي ﻋﻠﯿﺖ اﺷﺘﺒﺎه ﻧﺸﻮد. راﺑﻄﻪ ي ﻋﻠﯿﺖ اﻣﺮي ﻗﻄﻌﯽ اﺳﺖ. اما نیت امری احتمالی است. مثلا ریش ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻦ: ﻋﻠﺖ: ﻓﻮت اﻗﻮام. ﻧﯿﺖ: ﭘﯿﺪا ﮐﺮدن ﮐﺎر
I study English so that I can speak faster.
• Adverbial clauses of manner
Conjectures: as if, as though
ارﺗﺒﺎط زﻣﺎﻧﯽ وﺟﻮد دارد
He talked as if he was a king
اﻧﮕﺎر-ﮔﻮﯾﺎ
• Adverbial clauses of place
Conjectures: where, wherever قید مکان
I saw Ali where Hassan died.
I will teach where you are teaching.
I will see you where Ali was.
• Adverbial clauses of cause
Conjecture: since, in that, because, as, due to the fact that, on the grounds that, owing to the fact that, on the basis of the fact that.
ﭼﻬﺎر ﻣﻮرد آﺧﺮprepositional phrase هستند ولی نقش conjecture دارند. بقیه dependent
clause ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
ﻧﮑﺘﻪ: ﻓﻘﻂ در ﻗﯿﺪ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ و ﺷﺮﻃﯽ و ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ارﺗﺒﺎط زﻣﺎﻧﯽ وﺟﻮد دارد.
