Reported speech
He said to me “I am in Tehran tomorrow.”
He said to me that he was in Tehran the day after.
Say, answer, whisper, explain, shout, scream, thought, present, (any verb that deals with the production of words)
He presented the fact that he was going to be in Tehran the day after.
Tell is giving information.
در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ي ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮل ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ از Nominal clauses ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻔﻌﻮل اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﮐﻨﯿﻢ.
ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ دقت داﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ دو ﮔﺰاره دارﯾﻢ. اوﻟﯿﻦ ﮔﺰاره ﻫﻤﺎن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ داﺧﻞ ﮔﯿﻮﻣﻪ اﺳﺖ و دوﻣﯿﻦ ﮔﺰاره ﺧﺒﺮي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ از داﺧﻞ ﮔﯿﻮﻣﻪ داده ﻣﯿﺸﻮد. ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮل ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ
دو ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻧﯿﺎز اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻧﺤﻮي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﻪ text دارﻧﺪ.
ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻧﺤﻮي ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ي داﺧﻞ ﮔﯿﻮﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ clause dependent ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ.
He said I am in Tehran tomorrow.
Point:
Grammar is to do with the word. Conjugation, present tense, these are to do with grammar.
Syntax is to do with the clause. The position of adverb in the sentence is a syntax.
He said I am going to Tehran tomorrow. You are talking about tomorrow.
He said that he was going to Tehran tomorrow (formal English)
Last week, he said I am going to Tehran (you are talking about last week)
He said that he was going to Tehran the day after. (Tomorrow to the day after only you are referring to the past.)
Point:
Changes depend on the context.
ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﺮد. ﻣﺜﻼ ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﻣﯿﺨﻮاﻫﯿﻢ ﮔﺰارش ﻧﻘﻞ ﻋﻠﯽ را ﺑﮑﻨﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ:
I am studying now.
در ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮل ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺪون ﻫﯿﭻ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮي داﺧﻞ ﮔﯿﻮﻣﻪ ﻣﯽآورﯾﻢ. ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﺷﮑﻞ:
He said: “I am studying now”.
ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ.
ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮐﻪ اﺑﺘﺪا ﻓﻌﻞ و
در ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮل ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ اﺑﺘﺪا ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ي داﺧﻞ ﮔﯿﻮﻣﻪ را ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ clause تبدیل کنیم. به این شکل که ابتدا فعل و فعل کمکی را به ضمیری که از او نقل میکنیم تغییر میدهیم و سپس با توجه به زمانی که میخواهیم ان رانقل کنیم تغییرات را اعمال میکنیم. در ﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﺬﮐﻮر اﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮاﻫﯿﻢ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ اﻻن ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮل ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﻣﯿﮕﻮﯾﯿﻢ:
He said that he is studying now.
اﻣﺎ اﮔﺮ از زﻣﺎن اﻧﺠﺎم ﻋﻤﻞ ﮔﯿﻮﻣﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻣﺜﻼ دﯾﺮوز ﮔﻔﺘﻪ و ﻣﺎ اﻣﺮوز ﻣﯿﺨﻮاﻫﯿﻢ آن را ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮل ﮐﻨﯿﻢ
ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﮕﻮﯾﯿﻢ:
He said that he was studying that day.
Example:
He said to me “your house will be sold next week.”
ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮل ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ از زﻣﺎن ﻓﻌﻞ داﺧﻞ ﮔﯿﻮﻣﻪ:
He said to me that my house will be sold next week.
ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮل ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻓﻌﻞ:
He said to me that my house would be sold the following week.
He said to me” I passed my test yesterday”.
He said to me that he passed his test yesterday.
ﻧﮑﺘﻪ: در ﺗﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ اﮔﺮ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻮد ﺑﺎﯾﺪ زﻣﺎن را ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ دﻫﯿﻢ و اﮔﺮ ﺣﺎل و آﯾﻨﺪه ﺑﻮد ﻧﯿﺎزي ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ زﻣﺎن ﻧﯿﺴﺖ.
