Clause

All of them can be subject and object. WHAT DO YOU MEAN ROD?
Because subject and object are not a nominal thing. They are slots in a sentence.

Example for adjectival clause:
A dependent adjectival clause: she looked at the table built from red cedar. Is an adjectival clause, because it describes the table. Anything that has a descriptive role, is an adjectival clause.

Example for adverbial adjunct clause:
I teach English when Ali comes (adverbial adjunct clause)

Dependent clause:
1. No INDEPENDENT meaning
2. Have subject + verb (even though the subject and verb can be part of underlying sentence.)
3. They have tense, sometimes in underlying form. Being at the school, I have to follow these regulations. Have make it clear that it is the present tense. Being at school in its underlying sentence, it is present tense.
4. They always have aspect. Being, imperfective aspect (the state refers to is not yet completed in terms of the time period of the sentence)
5. They make:
a relative pronoun (can be omitted in some cases) + subject (does not have to be present) + verb (does not have to be present)

Teaching (is a verbal noun, it is not a verb) English, I earn money (the underlying subject is me) 1. I teach English, I earn money (simple present)

POINT: When you have an active sentence, and then it becomes a surface nominal clause, normally the active verb becomes the ing form. Because the ing form shows activity.

When I am teaching English, I earn money
If I am not teaching English, I am not earning money.
Not teaching English, I don’t earn money
Being at school, I have to observe the regulations of school. (me being at school, ……) the underlying sentence is I AM AT SCHOOL NOW, I HAVE TO ….

ME BEING AT SCHOOL (complete meaning)
I have to follow the regulations, also does not have complete meaning, you can only get the complete meaning from the whole sentence. Sometimes, they have complete meaning by themselves, sometimes they do not.

It does not have a surface subject, but it has an underlying subject.
It has an underlying verb. (could be BE, VERB ITSELF)

The door broken, the firemen were then able to enter and save the children.
The door being/having been broken, (only aspect is present)

Worn out, she sank into the armchair with a sigh of relief. (being worn out…)
Because/as/since/seeing she was worn out,

Watch the boring movie was the last thing they wanted to do that evening.

ﻧﮑﺘﻪ: ﺗﻔﺎوت conjecture ﺑﺎ :connective conjecture ﻫﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ دارﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪ را ﺑﻪ
ﻫﻢ وﺻﻞ ﻣﯿﮑﻨﻨﺪ؛ دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اي ﮐﻪ ﻫﯿﭻ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ. اﻣﺎ دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اي ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ connective ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ
ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﻣﯿﺸﻮﻧﺪ، ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.

That he is a teacher is good.
It is good that he is a teacher.
Dependent clause

if, as soon as, unless, whether, because, since


ﻧﮑﺘﻪ: ﻫﺮ main را اﮔﺮ ﯾﮏ conjunction ﻣﺜﻞ (if, as sson as, unless, whether, because, since) بگذاریم تبدیل به یک dependent clause می شود. مثال:

Conjunction: something that joins two clauses together. It is a function. Function is a role.
If, and, but, as soon as, given that, knowing that,

Relative pronoun, is a word, who, what, which, where. Except for that, relative pronouns are wh words, (who, when, what, where how, whose, …)

That man that I saw, that is a relative pronoun, because it links the description, I SAW HIM to the noun. Basically, they show a relationship between a description to a nominal.

He said that it is time to go, this THAT is not a relative pronoun.

It is good that he is

Verbs of speaking, reporting
to be verb, Said, explained, thought, believe

He said that it is time to go.

Ali come here      if Ali comes here

If links two clauses, it is a conjunction
This second clause comes from the action of the first clause.

As soon as he walked in, the children started clapping (temporal dependence)
Or when

Whether it is time to start or not (whether it is a choice dependent)
Despite what so many people think, where is also a relative pronoun.
I looked in the box where he had put the things. Where is the relative pronoun of the box.

دو ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﺧﺖ clauses ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ. اول اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺪام ﮐﻠﻤﻪ را اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﻨﯿﻢ! و دوم اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ
ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ زﻣﺎن ﻫﺮ clause ﭼﯿﺴﺖ!


ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي clause ﻣﯿﺘﻮاﻧﯿﻢ ﺟﻤﻼت ﻣﺮﮐﺐ sentences complex بسازیم. اینها جملات را
ﻋﺎم و ﯾﺎ ﺧﺎص ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ. و اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ را در ﻣﻮرد ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﯽدﻫﻨﺪ. ﻣﺜﺎل:

ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ درس ﻣﯿﺪﻫﯿﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ﻣﯿﺨﻮاﻧﻢ.

I will study English where you teach. (Adverbial of place)

اﻣﺎ clauses dependent ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﮐﺠﺎي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯿﺮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ 3 دﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﯿﺸﻮﻧﺪ:

• Nominal clauses:
It is a clause which is used as the subject role or the object role of the sentence.

ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ ﻗﺎﻋﺪهي ﮐﻠﯽ اﮔﺮ d.cl. ﻧﻘﺶ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ آن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺳﻤﯿﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد.

Example: subject role: That he is a teacher is good.
That Ali come here is surprising.
Where you teach English is a secret.

Objective role: I know where you teach English.

ﭼﻬﺎر ﻧﻮع ﺟﻤﻠﻪ دارﯾﻢ:

1. Affirmative sentences:(ﺧﺒﺮي ﺟﻤﻼت)
Ali will call me.
He passed his test.

اﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ اول ﯾﮏ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ي ﺧﺒﺮي that اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ clause dependent ﻣﯽﺷﻮد.

That Ali will call me
That he passed his test
That Ali will call me tomorrow
That Tehran is polluted
That he passed his test
That the telephone is ringing

That ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

That I haven’t eat breakfast. اینکه من صبحانه نخوردم:

2. Questions

• Yes/ no questions:
Can you call me?
Are you a teacher?
Would you please help me?

اﯾﻦ ﺟﻤﻼت اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﺒﺮي درآﻣﺪه و ﺳﭙﺲ if ﯾﺎ whether ﺑﻪ اﺑﺘﺪاي آن اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. Whether از
if رﺳﻤﯽﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ.

Can you call me? If you can call me or not
Are you a teacher? If you are a teacher or not
Did you pass the test? If you passed the test or not
Will you come here or not? If you will come here or not

• Interrogatives: Wh question

What’s your name?
Who are you?
What did you study?

ﻫﻤﺎن ﮐﻠﻤﻪي ﭘﺮﺳﺸﯽ WH را در اﺑﺘﺪا اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﺮده و ﺑﻘﯿﻪي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ را از ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻮاﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪي ﺧﺒﺮي ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﯿﻢ.

Who are you? Who you are

What did you study? What you study
Who will come here? Who (will) come here

ﻧﮑﺘﻪ: ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻮاﻟﯽ ﻣﯿﺸﻮد ﻫﯿﭻ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮي ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﺪ.

Where did you see Ali? Where you saw Ali
How did you come here How you come here

3. Imperatives:
Stand up please.
Don’t come here next week.

این گونه جملات به dependent clause تبدیل نمی شوند و بایستی به phrase تبدیل شوند. (انها را به ing phrase تبدیل می کنیم.) مثال:

Tell me your name telling me your name ??? infinitive or gerund
Don’t tell me your name. not telling me your name ??? infinitive or gerund

اﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮاﻫﯿﻢ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺑﻪ clause ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﭼﻮن ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ you اﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﯿﻢ از that you اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﻨﯿﻢ.کمتر اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد). ﻣﺜﺎل:

Stand up please That you stand up
It isn’t very important that you stand up.
When the president comes tomorrow, it is very important for you all to stand up.

4. Exclamations

What: ذاتا صفت است و بعد از ان اسم می اید
How: ذاتا قید است و بعد از ان صفت و فعل می اید.

How a boy he is / How beautiful she is / How fast he talks

How polluted Tehran is /What a pretty town it is /What an expensive car it is

What I want to know is where you live,
How big is it?
How big it is!
I can see how big it is.
I know how polluted Tehran is.
I know what a pretty town it is.

ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ: ﺑﻪ اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ:

 اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ زﻧﮓ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ زد اﯾﺪه ي ﺧﻮﺑﯽ اﺳﺖ.

 ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻠﯽ ﻓﺮدا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ زﻧﮓ ﻣﯿﺰﻧﺪ.

 اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﯿﺪ ﯾﺎ ﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ.

 ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﯿﺪاﻧﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﯿﺪ ﯾﺎ ﻧﻪ

 اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﯿﺪ ﯾﮏ راز اﺳﺖ.

 ﻣﻦ ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﯿﺪ.

Roles of noun clauses:
Subjective: that you like English is none of my concern.
Objective: I know that you like English.
Indirect speech: he asked me whether I like English or not.